Slips and falls constitute a major cause of injuries and worker’s compensation claims for drivers, and while that usually applies to trucks and tractors, it also includes trailers. Many trailers are bought with no clear way to climb aboard, so drivers do the best they can.

Walk down a row of parked vans and you’ll see many rear bumpers/underride guards with skid-resistant patterns on the upward-facing surfaces of the horizontal member. Some even have extra steps built into the bumper structure.  Often you’ll find handles that drivers and loaders can grab for stability while climbing up from the ground; if not, drivers learn to grasp door hinges or some other feature on the walls.

Trailer and body builders offer many options. Utility Trailer Manufacturing last year in its Utilitechniques series noted that these include side door steps, ladders, platforms and enhanced dock bumpers. “Additionally, grab handles at various locations are often included for added safety. Utility recommends that you add an optional grab handle at any location where the trailer will be accessed.”

“We use the three-point principle” in equipping trailers with steps and handles, says Scott Bartlein, fleet manager for Barry Fleet Services in the Milwaukee area. That means three of a person’s four limbs are always in contact with the vehicle while the fourth limb is moving. Well-designed hardware gives the person’s hands and feet convenient and safe points of contact. Bartlein is the current chairman of the Trailers, Bodies & Material Handling task force within the Technology & Maintenance Council of the American Trucking Associations.

Liability concerns

The TMC task force last year updated its Recommended Practice, Guidelines for Flatbed, Van Trailer and Truck Body Entry and Egress. RP 741 outlines what equipment should do but leaves design and structural details to customers and manufacturers.

That RP was written with liability issues in mind. In the 1990s, the task force tried to write a recommended practice that would describe how to order entry and exit hardware. Fleet managers wanted a document that buyers could use for guidance in writing specs for steps, handles and the like, and that trailer and body makers could follow, as they did in many other areas of truck design.

However, lawyers privy to the discussions warned that the devices could be considered “attractive nuisances” to the public, encouraging curious children or adventurous and/or imbibing adults to climb aboard. People injured while doing so could sue manufacturers and truck operators, claiming the recommendations are dangerous standards (though drivers could also sue if no equipment were present – a legal Catch 22).

So TMC went back to the drawing board and in 2004, published a two-page recommended practice. “This RP is not an industry design or performance standard to which trailer manufacturers will be held responsible,” the document states in addressing possible liability. “It merely serves as suggested items that users may refer to when spec’ing trailers. Furthermore, TMC assumes no liability to manufacturers or third parties regarding performance characteristics of flatbed, van trailer or truck body entry/egress systems.”

RP 741 emphasizes use of the three-point principle and suggests that appliances be designed for human hands and feet – something that seems obvious but requires definition. For instance, “Handholds should have clearance between the handhold and the surface to which it is mounted [so hands will fit between them]. The bottom of the handhold (or lower handhold) should be within a user’s grasp from ground level. The top of the handhold (or upper handhold) should be within a user’s grasp when standing normally or erect on the bed of the trailer. Recess mounting is preferred.”

Not needed, but…

Vans and reefers that travel entirely between loading docks theoretically don’t need such assist equipment because entry and exit is via the floor-level docks, experts note. But occasionally, access must be gained from street or lot level. Besides, resale will be enhanced if a second user’s operation routinely requires access from ground level.

Protruding rear deck areas, particularly on truck bodies and delivery trailers with lift gates, usually have steps built onto their sides and handles at the lower-rear of bodies or door sills. Lift gates amount to built-in elevators, but impatient drivers often hop up and off. Safety training should discourage this.

Side doors on truck bodies and trailers almost always come with stirrup steps or fold-down ladders, and pull-out ramps if cargo must be dollied out. Handles can be mounted on one or both sides of the door, though the inside walls immediately adjacent to a door’s side can amount to hand holds.

Dealing with flatbeds

Flatbeds constitute a special case. Drivers must often climb aboard to nail in securement blocks and cover loads with tarpaulins. Climbing up and down can be precarious.  Young, agile drivers can pull and boost themselves aboard, sometimes clambering over a tire-wheel assembly and grabbing onto side rub rails for leverage. Older, wiser guys tend to carry step ladders that can be moved around the trailer as needed, then stowed with bungee cords underneath or on the tractor’s rear deck for travel.

However, a flatbed’s rear-impact guard, as it’s properly called, can be built like those on vans, with the non-skid surfaces and extra steps. Lack of a vertical structure makes handle placement difficult, though folding bars have been devised. Some specialty firms sell step ladders that can be placed anywhere along the trailer’s perimeter and temporarily attached to it. And at least one flatbed maker, East Manufacturing, offers a built-in stairway at the rear, complete with a fold-up railing and fold-down plate that covers the recess over the stairs.

Bulk-haul trailers and bodies like tankers and grain carriers usually have ladders to allow drivers to get on top for access to hatches and tarps. Walkways along the top let drivers creep among hatches, and safety-minded fleets also install railings.